Monocyte-related cytokines/chemokines in cerebral ischemic stroke

Abstract

Aims: Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and the most common cause of disability in Western countries. Multiple mechanisms contribute to the development and progression of ischemic stroke, and inflammation is one of the most important mechanisms. Discussion: Ischemia induces the release of adenosine triphosphate/reactive oxygen species, which activates immune cells to produce many proinflammatory cytokines that activate downstream inflammatory cascades to induce fatal immune responses. Research has confirmed that peripheral blood immune cells play a vital role in the immunological cascade after ischemic stroke. The role of monocytes has received much attention among numerous peripheral blood immune cells. Monocytes induce their effects by secreting cytokines or chemokines, including CCL2/CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CD36, CX3CL1/CX3CR1, CXCL12(SDF-1), LFA-1/ICAM-1, Ly6C, MMP-2/9, NR4A1, P2X4R, P-selectin, CD40L, TLR2/4, and VCAM-1/VLA-4. Those factors play important roles in the process of monocyte recruitment, migration, and differentiation. Conclusion: This review focuses on the function and mechanism of the cytokines secreted by monocytes in the process of ischemic stroke and provides novel targets for treating cerebral ischemic stroke.