Artificial intelligence can be used in the identification and classification of shoulder osteoarthritis and avascular necrosis on plain radiographs: a training study of 7,139 radiograph sets

Abstract

Background and purpose — Knowledge concerning the use AI models for the classification of glenohumeral osteoar-thritis (GHOA) and avascular necrosis (AVN) of the humeral head is lacking. We aimed to analyze how a deep learning (DL) model trained to identify and grade GHOA on plain radiographs performs. Our secondary aim was to train a DL model to identify and grade AVN on plain radiographs. Patients and methods — A modified ResNet-type network was trained on a dataset of radiographic shoulder examinations from a large tertiary hospital. A total of 7,139 radiographs were included. The dataset included various pro-jections of the shoulder, and the network was trained using stochastic gradient descent. Performance evaluation met-rics, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were used to assess the network’s performance for each outcome. Results — The network demonstrated AUC values rang-ing from 0.73 to 0.93 for GHOA classification and > 0.90 for all AVN classification classes. The network exhibited lower AUC for mild cases compared with definitive cases of GHOA. When none and mild grades were combined, the AUC increased, suggesting difficulties in distinguishing between these 2 grades. Conclusion — We found that a DL model can be trained to identify and grade GHOA on plain radiographs. Further-more, we show that a DL model can identify and grade AVN on plain radiographs. The network performed well, particu-larly for definitive cases of GHOA and any level of AVN. However, challenges remain in distinguishing between none and mild GHOA grades.