Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmia for Ebstein's Anomaly in Unoperated and Post-Surgical Patients

Abstract

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the ventricular arrhythmia (VA) substrates in patients with unoperated and post-surgical Ebstein's Anomaly (EA). Background: EA is associated with variable atrialization of the right ventricle and a propensity for VA and sudden death. There are scant data on catheter ablation for VA in this population. Methods: This was a retrospective study involving 11 congenital heart disease centers. Results: A total of 24 patients (median age 17 [interquartile range (IQR): 11 to 37] years; age range 1 to 68 years; 42% men) with EA undergoing catheter ablation were identified. Prior tricuspid valve (TV) surgery had been performed in 12 (50%). Presenting symptoms were palpitations in 15, syncope in 4, aborted cardiac arrest in 4, and none in 1. At procedure, 28 VA substrates were encountered and 25 were completely characterized (median 1 per patient; cycle length 305 [IQR: 268 to 400] ms). In 3 cases, premature ventricular contraction (PVC) foci were targeted (1 with a history of PVC-induced ventricular fibrillation). VA mechanisms were focal in 15 and macro–re-entrant in 10, and did not differ significantly between those with and those without prior TV surgery (p = 0.7). Focal VAs predominantly localized to the atrialized right ventricle ARV in unoperated patients and to diseased myocardium or Purkinje tissue after TV surgery. Macro–re-entry was related to isolated scar or split potentials in the ARV in unoperated patients, and larger, more diffuse scar after TV surgery. Complete success was achieved in 22 (92%). There were 2 of 13 complications in patients <18 years of age and none in patients >18 years of age. There was a single recurrence over a median follow-up of 3.4 years. Conclusions: VA in EA may be either focal or macro–re-entrant. In the absence of surgery, substrates chiefly involve the ARV. After surgery, focal VA involves injured myocardium or Purkinje tissue and re-entrant ventricular tachycardia is related to post-surgical scar. Catheter ablation is a reasonable therapeutic approach for these patients.