Membrane-Induced Vanadium Crossover-Blocking Polybenzimidazole Copolymer with Exceptional Proton Selectivity

Abstract

Broad deployment of redox flow batteries is hindered, in part, due to the lack of highly selective ion-exchange membranes with high proton conductivity. We report a post-functionalization strategy for polybenzimidazole copolymer (PBI-co) membranes by a reacting mixture of concentrated sulfuric and phosphoric acids that led to improved membrane selectivity while retaining high proton conductivity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed successful sulfonation and protonation of benzimidazole functionalities. PBI-co exhibits a very high room-temperature proton conductivity of 0.138 S cm–1, as measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. PBI-co also demonstrates electromigration crossover mitigation under applied current densities up to 500 mA cm–2, and voltage pulses up to 1.4 V, while also inhibiting diffusion-driven vanadium crossover for over 20 days. Single-cell vanadium flow battery testing on post-functionalized PBI-co further confirms state-of-the-art battery performance with an ∼99.5% Coulombic efficiency at 100 mA cm–2 and an area-specific resistance of ∼20 mΩ cm2 lower than Nafion-212 membrane.