Modulation of recombinant human prostate-specific antigen: Activation by Hofmeister salts and inhibition by azapeptides

Abstract

Prostate specific antigen (PSA, also known as human kallikrein 3) is an important diagnostic indicator of prostatic disease. PSA exhibits low protease activity (> 104-fold less than chymotrypsin) under the usual in vitro assay conditions. In addition, PSA does not react readily with prototypical serine protease inactivators. We expressed human PSA (rh-PSA) in Escherichia coli and have demonstrated that rh-PSA has properties similar to those of native PSA isolated from human seminal fluid. Both PSA and rh-PSA are > 103-fold more active in the presence of 1.3 M Na2SO4. This activation is anion-dependent, following the Hofmeister series when normality is considered: SO42-; ≈ citrate > Ac- > Cl- > Br- > I-. The nature of the cation has little effect on salt activation. The rate of inactivation of rh-PSA by DFP is 30-fold faster in the presence of 0.9 M Na2SO4, and the rate of inactivation by Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-CK is >20-fold faster under these conditions. Azapeptides containing Phe or Tyr at position P1 also inactivate rh-PSA in the presence of high salt concentrations. These compounds represent the first described inhibitors designed to utilize the substrate binding subsites of PSA. CD spectroscopy demonstrates that the conformation of rh-PSA changes in the presence of high salt concentrations. Analytical ultracentifugation and dynamic light scattering indicate that PSA remains monomeric under high-salt conditions. Interestingly, human prostatic fluid contains as much as 150 μmol citrate/g wet weight, which suggests that salt concentrations may regulate PSA activity in vivo.