Antimicrobial Source, Procurement and Management in Tanzanian livestock, aquaculture, and apiculture sectors

Abstract

Introduction: Antimicrobial use and misuse in animals is a growing public health concern due to its role in driving antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study investigates antimicrobial use (AMU) practices in livestock, aquaculture, and apiculture in Tanzania to assess the prevalence and associated risks of AMR in these sectors. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five Tanzanian regions—Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Coast, Dodoma, and Tabora — during September and October 2023. Data were collected through questionnaires, direct observations, and importation records from the Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA). The study targeted livestock markets, veterinary centers, aquaculture farms, and apiculture setups. The assessment focused on the sale, storage, and dispensing of antimicrobials, as well as importation records and industry practices. Results: The study revealed significant issues in the regulation and handling of antimicrobials. In livestock markets, antimicrobials were commonly sold and stored improperly, with 32% of veterinary centres unregistered and 76% lacking a veterinarian. Customer-driven dispensing practices were prevalent, and expired products were found in 35% of surveyed markets. In aquaculture, farmers reported fungal infections and mineral deficiencies but denied direct AMU despite the use of chemically treated fish feeds. Apiculture practices showed no direct AMU, though plants with pest-repellent properties, such as Mentha pulegium, were used. The most commonly imported antimicrobials included oxytetracycline, levamisole, and albendazole, with heavy imports of oxytetracycline and sulfur compounds through regulated channels. Other antimicrobials found in the shops were different from those imported by TFDA indication that they are imported in the country though illegal routes. Conclusion: The study highlights considerable gaps in the importation, regulation, handling, and dispensing of antimicrobials across livestock, aquaculture, and apiculture sectors in Tanzania, contributing to the rising risk of AMR. Strengthening regulatory oversight, professionalizing veterinary services, and promoting responsible AMU practices are essential to mitigate AMR risks and protect public health.