From Pandemic to Resistance: Addressing Multidrug-Resistant Urinary Tract Infections in the Balkans

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The rise in urinary tract infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria presents a serious public health challenge across the Balkans, a region already burdened by aging populations, healthcare resource limitations, and fragmented antimicrobial surveillance systems. Methods: This review explores the epidemiology, risk factors, and consequences of MDR UTIs, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which significantly accelerated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) due to widespread, inappropriate antibiotic use. Results: The paper discusses region-specific data on resistance trends, highlights the gaps in diagnostic infrastructure, and evaluates emerging clinical strategies including antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), rapid diagnostic technologies, novel antibiotics, and non-antibiotic alternatives such as bacteriophage therapy and vaccines. Conclusions: Policy recommendations are provided to strengthen surveillance, promote evidence-based treatment, and ensure equitable access to diagnostic and therapeutic tools. A multidimensional and regionally coordinated response is essential to curb the MDR UTI burden and safeguard public health across the Balkans.