Sugar cane juice for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production by batch fermentation

Abstract

In recent ye ars, pharma aceutical compounds (P hCs) have a aggravated increasing a xiety, particularly as n no legitima ate requireme ents have been set for d discharge int to surface w water bodies of these ubiquitous, persistent a and biologically active s substances. Massive qua antities of antibiotics are e used in hu uman and veterinary medicines in all part s of the globe to tr at disease e es with bacterial origin ns. After administrat tion, antibiot ics are exc creted by the e patient an nd transmitte ed in due course to the e aquatic environmen nt. These are also large ly used in a animal oper ations for gr rowth promotion and for r disease prophylaxis s. These are often partia ally metabolized after administration n and a signiificant fracti on of the antibiotic c an be excret ted as the p arent compou und or in con njugated forms that can be converte d back to the parent a antibiotic. Th he residual antibiotics fro om human and animal u use can enter r the environ ment via various pat thways, incl uding wast ewater efflue ent discharg ge, runoff fro om land to w which agricu ltural or human was ste has bee en applied, and leachin ng which de eteriorate th e whole ec osystem be esides its deleterious impact on n human h ealth and a aquatic org ganisms. An ntibiotic res istance is a global phenomeno on that has severe epide miological ra amifications worldwide and a major peril to publ ic health. This article e may give an idea abou t the source es and fate of commonly y used antibiotics detect ted. More research is needed to quantify the r risk of antibiotics in urban wastewat ter and efflu nts or surfa e ace water so that app propriate acti ion can be ta aken prior to final discha arge into sur rface water b bodies to mi tigate the harmful effe ects on aqua atic environ ent and community health.