Fear of COVID-19 and Vaccine Hesitancy among Pregnant Women in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction: Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to anxiety and stress, and the COVID-19 pandemic has definitely contributed to anxiety in this group. Researchers continue their work on COVID-19 vaccine formulations to reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and minimise the impact of the pandemic. Despite the increased prevalence and severity of anxiety among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic, their attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccine vary. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of anxiety experienced by pregnant women due to COVID-19 and their attitudes to vaccination. Materials and methods: A total of 595 women voluntarily participated in the study. The respondents were divided into two groups: the study group (n = 288), which consisted of women who were pregnant at the time of the survey, and the control group (n = 307), which included women of reproductive age (18–49 years). The study used a diagnostic survey method with a web-based questionnaire consisting of the author’s survey questionnaire and the following standardised tools: the Scale to Measure the Perception of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Acceptance (VAC-COVID-19 SCALE), the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), the Drivers of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale (DrVac-COVID19S) and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS). Results: The level of COVID-related anxiety differed depending on the tool used. Mild anxiety was reported for CAS, while FCV-19S showed its moderate levels. Both pregnant women and women of reproductive age showed high scores in VAC-COVID-19 and DrVac-COVID19S. The mean VAC-COVID-19 scores were 41.44 in the study group and 44.26 in the control group, and the mean DrVac-COVID19S scores were 51.25 in pregnant women and 55.85 in women of reproductive age. This indicates a high level of acceptance of and positive attitudes toward vaccinations. Conclusions: Pregnant women showed moderate coronavirus anxiety. Women in both the study group and the control group showed mostly positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination.