Physical Insights Into Dynamic Similarity in Animal Locomotion. II. Observation of Continues Similarity States

Abstract

In previous studies, the physical theory of dynamic similarity in animals was deduced from the concept of mechanical similarity in analytical mechanics (Kokshenev, 2010, 2011). Unlike a mechanistic approach to the problem of dynamic similarity in biomechanics of locomotion treating the animate systems as freely falling in the gravitational field and resisting drag forces (Bejan & Marden, 2006), the model-independent physical theory, unifying running, swimming, and flying animals, can be outlined as follows.