Bellidifolin, a constituent from edible Mongolic Liver Tea (Swertia diluta), promotes lipid metabolism by regulating intestinal microbiota and bile acid metabolism in mice during high fat diet-induced obesity

Abstract

Metabolic disorders like obesity and dyslipidemia are largely driven by high-fat diets (HFD), often with limited efficacy from current dietary interventions. This study investigates Swertia diluta, an edible potherb, for its potential hepatic and metabolic benefits. Using HPLC-MS/MS, 25 xanthone compounds were identified, with network pharmacology analysis indicating their relevance to lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Notably, bellidifolin (BEL) was isolated from this plant and studied in 12-week HFD-induced obesity model (HFD feeding for 12 weeks; BEL intervention from weeks 9–12), demonstrating significant improvements in lipid profiles and body weight reduction in male C57BL/6J mice. BEL also altered gut microbiota by reducing Firmicutes, Lactobacillaceae, and Clostridiaceae abundance. Additionally, BEL enhanced bile acid biosynthesis and excretion, further improving lipid metabolism. These findings suggest BEL from Swertia diluta as a promising natural agent for weight management and enhanced lipid metabolism through gut microbiota and bile acid modulation in HFD conditions.