Malaria Burden Among Vulnerable Populations in Rwanda, 2018– 2022: Trends in Incidence, Mortality, and Geographic Distribution

Abstract

Malaria control is a priority for the Ministry of Health in Rwanda, which is implementing community interventions, including distribution of long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and early diagnosis to control malaria. As the number of overall cases decreases, the focus on special populations is key to further reducing the number of cases and deaths. Special populations include children under five years, pregnant women, and the elderly. This report uses surveillance and mortality data of 5 years (2018-2022) to identify priorities for interventions. Key findings are presented below. •The Southern districts recorded higher incidence rates among children under five years of age of over 400 cases per 10,000 persons. •Medical facilities reported decreasing deaths in both genders and all age groups in the last 5 years (2018-2022) •Women were diagnosed with malaria in medical facilities half as frequently as men. •People over the age of 65 years account for 21% of the deaths due to malaria, while representing only 3% of the population Rwanda’s continued decline in malaria cases and deaths between 2018 and 2022 demonstrates the effectiveness of sustained national control efforts, including LLIN distribution, IRS, and community-based interventions. However, persistent regional disparities (particularly in the southern districts and areas around Kigali) and the disproportionate mortality among the elderly underscore the need for more targeted and equitable approaches. Strengthening data systems, refining intervention coverage, and addressing gender and age-specific vulnerabilities will be key to accelerating progress toward malaria elimination and safeguarding gains achieved so far.