Age-dependent changes of executive functions in preschool children (3 to 7 years)

Abstract

To identify age-related transformations of various components of voluntary regulation and organization of goal-directed behavior (executive functions – EF), qualitative and quantitative neuropsychological assessment of 472 preschool children of 4 age groups (3-4, 4-5, 5-6 and 6-7 years) was performed. The results of the study indicate the heterochronic development of various components of EF. Statistically significant progressive changes were observed in: (1) mastering instructions, (2) following programs of activity, (3) action switching, (4) cognitive planning. At the same time, children of all age groups, including children of preschool age, demonstrate age-related immaturity of the following components of EF: (1) creation of their own activity strategy, (2) task switching, (3) self-monitoring of activity results, (4) working memory. The data obtained show the importance of developmental education based on the joint activities of a child and an adult in early preschool age. On the other hand, they testify to the inappropriateness of an early (before 5 years) start of targeted training in mastering writing and reading skills.