Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Atmospheric Deposition in Malva sylvestris Leaves Using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

Abstract

Plant leaves can be used to determine the atmospheric deposition of organic contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), to assess the contamination status of an area. The purpose of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination of PAHs deriving from atmospheric deposition using Malva sylvestris leaves. Analytes were recovered from the leaves of the plant using cyclohexane as an organic solvent and subsequent sonication. The percentage recoveries (R%) were good (from 65.8 ± 3.2 to 104.2 ± 16.9), together with the instrumental analytical parameters, including correlation coefficients (r) ≥ 0.995 for all PAHs. The instrumental analysis was carried out using GC-MS in total ion current and single ion monitoring at the same time. Real samples taken from urban environments have shown that they are not always the most contaminated. At the Palermo site, leaves were observed to have high amounts of PAHs due to the deposition of dust generated by combustion processes that occurred near the sampling site. Further studies are recommended to compare the use of plants and classical sampling systems for monitoring the atmospheric deposition of key contaminants toxic to human health.