Beneficial Microorganisms in Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Potential Applications

Abstract

Recently, green synthesis in nanotechnology has gotten considerable attention because of its economic importance, as well as providing a clean, eco-friendly, effectual, facile, and non-toxic route to nanoparticle (NP) synthesis. The utilization of various microorganisms especially beneficial microorganisms in NP synthesis presents a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional synthesis methods, aligning with the principles of green synthesis. In this regard, beneficial microorganisms used in fermented foods as starter cultures, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Secundilactobacillus kimchicus, Saccharomyces boulardii, and S. cerevisiae have been utilized for the synthesis of Ag, Se, ZnO, Pd, Sb2O3, and TiO2 NPs. These synthesized NPs have a high potential for use in drug delivery systems, agriculture, and the food industry as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer agents. Hence, further research is necessary on NP synthesis, novel sources for NP synthesis, and applications in various fields by considering its advantages and disadvantages. This review highlights the green synthesis of NPs, NPs synthesized by beneficial microorganisms, as well as the potential applications of NPs.