Heavy Metal Tolerance in Aquatic Plants: Physiological Adaptations and Detoxification Strategies

Abstract

This study explores the physiological adaptations and detoxification strategies of aquatic plants, focusing on key mechanisms such as chelation, sequestration, antioxidant defense systems, and the role of phytochelatins and metallothioneins. Key findings highlight the critical roles of antioxidant enzymes, cellular compartmentalization, and metal-binding peptides in mitigating heavy metal toxicity. Case studies on freshwater and marine plants, including Canadian waterweed ( Elodea canadensis ), Posidonia oceanica, Eelgrass ( Zostera marina ) and duckweed ( Lemna minor ), provide unique insights into species-specific and shared tolerance mechanisms. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for advancing phytoremediation technologies and offers potential applications in environmental management. By understanding these mechanisms and focusing on molecular and genetic advancements, we can enhance the efficacy of phytoremediation strategies, contributing to the sustainable management of heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments.