Advances in Nanotechnology for Latent Fingerprint Detection

Abstract

Nanotechnology has become a transformative tool in forensic investigations, offering enhancedcapabilities for detecting and examining materials of evidentiary relevance. Owing to theirphysicochemical features, nanomaterials have proven beneficial in identifying latent fingerprints, detecting illicit drugs, and tracing explosive residues. Their integration into molecular biology techniques like polymerase chain reaction has improved accuracy and sensitivityof DNA analysis. Sophisticated analytical procedures, such as atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy–transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Ramanmicro-spectroscopy, and time-of-flight mass spectrometry, are used to detect forensic tracesat microscopic and nanoscopic levels. Although latent fingerprints are vital forensic evidence,their recovery from difficult surfaces such as textured vehicle dashboards remains limited. Nouniversally accepted method exists to reliably extract prints from such complex substrates atcrime scenes. Conventional visualization techniques use fingerprint powders, followed by lifters or molding materials to transfer impressions. Cyanoacrylate fuming and fluorescent dyes,such as Rhodamine 6G, are also used to enhance contrast and visibility. However, the effectiveness of lifters and casting materials on uneven surfaces is not studied extensively and presentsan area for research. Collection, processing, and interpretation of fingerprint evidence shouldbe conducted by trained forensic experts to ensure accuracy. When applied correctly, fingerprint identification remains one of the most reliable methods for linking individuals to criminalacts. It can substantiate witness testimonies, corroborate forensic findings, and exclude individuals from suspicion, helping investigators allocate resources effectively.