Considerations for Chronic Pain Management Based on Sex Differences: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Sex differences in chronic pain are well-documented and have significant implications for both research and clinical practice. This review explores three key aspects: the epidemiology and characteristics of chronic pain, the underlying mechanisms driving sex differences, and tailored approaches to pain management. Biological factors, including hormonal, genetic, and neuroimmune contributions, interact with psychosocial and cultural influences to shape pain perception and response to treatment in males and females. Furthermore, sex-specific disparities in preclinical and clinical research continue to challenge the generalizability of findings, underscoring the need for balanced study designs. Evidence suggests that personalized pain management strategies, integrating sex-specific pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, can enhance treatment outcomes and quality of life. By addressing these disparities and adopting sex-informed practices, clinicians can better meet the needs of diverse patient populations. This review aims to deepen understanding and promote equitable, effective management of chronic pain across sexes.