Molecular Enantiorecognition of D- and L-Glucose in Urine and Whole Blood Samples

Abstract

© The Author(s) 2019. Two stochastic sensors based on the nanographene (nanoGR) paste and on the paste of exfoliated graphene (exfGR) modified with 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPh) were designed and used for the molecular enantiorecognition of D- and L-glucose in urine and whole blood samples. The largest linear concentration range (18.40–1180.00 mg dL−1) for the molecular enantiorecognition and determination of D-glucose in whole blood was obtained using the stochastic sensor based on exfGR/DPPh; this range is able to cover both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. The largest linear concentration range (0.1–2.3 mg dL−1) for the molecular enantiorecognition and assay of L-glucose in whole blood samples was obtained using the stochastic sensor based on nanoGR. For the molecular enantiorecognition of D-glucose in urine samples the largest linear concentration ranges (D-glucose 2.30–2500.00 mg dL−1; L-glucose 1 × 10−4–10 mg dL−1) were obtained using the stochastic sensor based on nanoGR. The recoveries values (higher than 99.00%), and the low relative standard deviation values (less than 0.10%) proved that the proposed stochastic sensors can be reliable used for the molecular enantiorecognition and assay of D- and L-glucose in biological fluids such as whole blood and urine. Enantioanalysis of glucose will facilitate the clinical research needed to establish the role of the ratio between L- and D-glucose in diabetic and nondiabetic patients.