Inhibition of TNFα during maturation of dendritic cells results in the development of semi-mature cells: A potential mechanism for the beneficial effects of TNFα blockade in rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract

Background: Dendritic cells orchestrate pivotal immunological processes mediated by the production of cytokines and chemokines. Objective: To assess whether neutralisation of tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) during maturation of dendritic cells affects their phenotype and behaviour, which might explain the beneficial effects of TNFα neutralisation in rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Immature and fully matured dendritic cells were cultured from blood monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy controls following standardised protocols. TNFα was neutralised by addition of the p55 soluble TNFα receptor, PEGsTNFRI. The effect of TNFα neutralisation on the phenotype (CD14, CD16, CD32, CD64, CD80, CD83, CD86, and MHC) of dendritic cells was investigated by flow cytometry. Expression of chemokines (CCL17, CCL18, CCL19, CCL22, CCL3, and CXCL8) and production of IL1β and IL6 during dendritic cell differentiation and maturation were examined. Results: Neutralisation of TNFα during the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells did not result in an altered dendritic cell phenotype in the rheumatoid patients or the healthy controls. In contrast, the expression of CCL17, CCL18, CCL19, CCL22, CCL3, and CXCL8 by dendritic cells was significantly reduced when TNFα activity was inhibited during lipopolysaccharide triggered dendritic cell maturation. The production of IL1β and IL6 by mature dendritic cells was inhibited by PEGsTNFRI. Conclusions: Inhibition of TNFα activity during dendritic cell maturation leads to the development of semimature cells. These data suggest a novel pathway by which the neutralisation of TNFα might exert its therapeutic effects.