Factors Influencing COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy and Booster Dose Adherence Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Crete, Greece

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vaccination hesitancy remains a global challenge, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to assess the prevalence of hesitancy towards regular COVID-19 vaccinations, including booster doses (additional doses beyond the primary to sustain or improve immunity), among university students and its associated factors. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 190 university students from Hellenic Mediterranean University in Crete, Greece. Data were collected through an electronic survey distributed from July to October 2024. The survey included socio-demographic characteristics, health status factors, prior COVID-19 infection and vaccination history (general and for COVID-19), attitudes about COVID-19 vaccination, and the Attitude Towards Adult Vaccination (ATAVAC) scale. Qualitative data were also collected by addressing themes regarding ways to overcome vaccine hesitancy. Results: The study found that 64% of participants expressed hesitancy towards receiving COVID-19 booster doses. Factors contributing to this hesitancy were female gender, current smoking, pregnancy, concerns about vaccine side effects, a lack of confidence in vaccine efficacy, COVID-19 infection history, low perceived susceptibility to infection, and reliance on media information. Additionally, increased trust in the value of adult vaccination, adhering to recommendations of treating physician/scientist opinions, and prior adherence to vaccination were positively associated with regular COVID-19 vaccinations. A thematic analysis of the qualitative data identified four key strategies to overcome student vaccine hesitancy: enhancing health literacy, validating vaccine safety through further research, alleviating pandemic-related fears, and addressing distrust in authorities and opposition to mandatory vaccination. Conclusions: Our findings provide insights into the intricate factors and barriers of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy among university students, thus emphasizing the need for more targeted interventions.