Climate Resilient Wastewater Solutions for the Textile Industry (2020–2025): A Systematic Review

Abstract

The textile industry is a significant contributor to environmental degradation, primarily due to its intensive water consumption and the discharge of untreated dyeing and finishing effluents. Climate change exacerbates these challenges by intensifying water scarcity and disrupting freshwater availability, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable and climate-resilient wastewater management strategies. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, synthesizes findings from 42 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and early 2025. It explores technological innovations, community-based initiatives, and evolving regulatory frameworks aimed at enhancing resilience in textile wastewater treatment. Advanced solutions such as membrane bioreactors, photocatalysis, floating treatment wetlands, microalgae-based systems, and graphene oxide adsorption demonstrate high pollutant removal efficiency while supporting circular economy principles. Proposed community-led models such as Ecosew and Water Scouts designed for implementation in developing countries, exemplify the potential of participatory governance in fostering local ownership, environmental stewardship, and adaptive capacity. Key findings indicate that advanced technologies such as membrane bioreactors and TiO₂-based photocatalysis achieve pollutant removal efficiencies exceeding 90%. Additionally, 28 of the reviewed studies employed composite indicators to evaluate sustainability and resilience. The review concludes with strategic recommendations for multisectoral policy reform and stakeholder collaboration, offering a comprehensive framework for climate-resilient wastewater governance, particularly in the Global South.