A novel G(o)-mediated phototransduction cascade in scallop visual cells

Abstract

Scallop retinas contain ciliary photoreceptor cells that respond to light by hyperpolarization like vertebrate rods and cones, but the response is generated by a different phototransduction cascade from those of rods and cones. To elucidate the cascade, we investigated a visual pigment and a G- protein functioning in the hyperpolarizing cell. Sequencing of cDNAs and in situ hybridization experiments showed that the hyperpolarizing cells express a novel subtype of visual pigment, which showed significant differences in amine acid sequence from other visual pigments. Cloning cDNA genes of G- protein and immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of an alpha subunit of a G(o) type G-protein, 83% identical in amine acid sequence to mammalian G(o)(α) in the nervous system, in the photorecoptive region of the cells. The results demonstrate that a novel, G(o)-mediated, phototransduction cascade is present in the hyperpolarizing cells. The phototransduction cascade in the scallop hyperpolarizing cell provides an alternative system to investigate G(o)-mediated transduction pathways in the nervous system. Molecular phylogenetic analysis strongly suggests that the G(o)-mediated phototransduction system emerged before the divergence of animals into vertebrate and invertebrate in the course of evolution.