Forest tree diversity is dependent on both mycorrhizal type and scale

Abstract

The diversity of forest communities is intricately shaped by the mycorrhizal associations that trees form with soil fungi. Mycorrhizae, which are mutualistic relationships between fungi and plants, play pivotal roles in nutrient exchange and tree survival. This review explores how the type of mycorrhizal association—arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (ECM)—impacts forest tree diversity across various scales. AM fungi dominate tropical forests, potentially contributing to high species richness, while ECM fungi are more prevalent in temperate regions, where they often correlate with lower diversity. We discuss how these associations influence soil properties, plant-soil feedback, and seedling establishment, ultimately shaping forest structure. We also examine the complexity of the relationship between mycorrhizal type and tree species richness, noting the differences in patterns observed across different spatial scales. As research continues, it will be crucial to examine local dynamics in underrepresented regions and explore how mycorrhizal interactions change over time to understand their role in maintaining forest biodiversity. By considering these dynamics, we can better predict how forests will respond to environmental changes and develop strategies for preserving and restoring forest ecosystems.