Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin a biomarker for bacterial-induced pharyngeal infection—A pilot study

Abstract

Objectives: Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) is secreted from activated neutrophil granulocytes and is considered an acute phase protein. The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether the NGAL concentration in saliva increases in response to a bacterial throat infection and identify pitfalls, which shall be taken into account in a protocol in a larger hypothesis testing study. Methods: Saliva samples for measurement of NGAL concentration where obtained from cases with an acute throat infection (n = 21) and controls (n = 24). Among cases, plasma NGAL, plasma CRP, and whole blood leukocytes, were measured as well. Results: There was no significant difference in NGAL saliva concentration between cases and controls overall (p =.31). For both cases and controls, the saliva NGAL concentration decreased significantly after cleansing the mouth with tap water (cases p =.01; controls p =.01). Among cases, a significant positive correlation between saliva NGAL concentrations before mouth cleansing and plasma CRP concentrations (p =.001) was observed. Blood neutrophil granulocyte count presented a nonsignificant positive correlation to saliva NGAL (p =.07). Conclusion: We could not demonstrate a simple association between the salivary NGAL concentration and pharyngeal bacterial infection. Furthermore, the salivary NGAL concentrations were higher among some controls than cases, suggesting that cofounders for example, periodontitis, uneven salivary dilution level, or other exogenous factors affect salivary NGAL content.