L'évolution du système de recherche et d'innovation : Ce que révèle la problématique du financement dans le cas français

Abstract

The evolution of the French research and innovation system in the long run exhibits many forms of convergence towards the international standards, although some specificities point to the history of French institutions and policies. Central state monitoring through techno-scientific programs, public research institutes and strategic agreements with large firms ("national champions") were at the core of the innovation system. Nowadays, the system relies more on bottom-up initiatives and market mechanisms. Multi-level governance structure (from the EU to the regional authorities) has partly replaced the national hierarchical organization. The system's efficiency is still suffering from some weaknesses, specifically concerning SMEs and the business development of startups. The latter categories of actors could be more innovative if entrepreneurship was better supported by adequate financing. Public support cannot fully compensate for the lack of private equity. Solving the problem raises more general issues than regular research and innovation policies.