Coincident lidar and aircraft observations of entrainment into thermals and mixed layers

Abstract

The two data sets have been merged to provide a unique visual representation of the temperature, moisture, vertical velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and the momentum fluxes in a field of thermals. These data show that horizontal moisture profiles observed in thermals penetrating the entrainment zone tend to exhibit more of a top-hat profile than the corresponding temperature or vertical velocity profiles. The specific humidities observed at various heights including cloud base 1) are frequently nearly constant along the horizontal tracks within each thermal; 2) show thermal-to-thermal variability; and 3) have values nearly the same as found in the surface layer. For the data studied here, a lateral entrainment velocity of 0.3 m s -1 was observed. -from Authors