Emerging Technologies for Second Language Learning in Secondary Education: An Umbrella Review

Abstract

Emerging technologies are transforming education, especially in foreign language learning, by evolving to meet changing needs. Key tools include artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and natural language processing (NLP), which enhance engagement and personalize instruction. The objective of this paper is to analyze and describe quantitatively and qualitatively the emerging technologies for second language learning in secondary education, grouping them by technology area and comparing the methods. To achieve this, we conducted a systematic review of meta-analyses published in Scopus and Web of Science, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, to ensure transparency and reproducibility. Each selected paper was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. In total, we included 12 meta-analyses that involve five technologies: (1) chatbot-assisted, (2) robotics, (3) gamification, (4) mobile devices, and (5) virtual reality. For each category, we obtained an effect size estimate using the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) method. The technologies with the largest effects were gamification (g = 0.890, 95% CI [0.450, 1.333]), chatbots (g = 0.740, 95% CI [0.584, 0.990]), and robots (g = 0.694, 95% CI [-0.692, 2.08]).