Management of Dyslipidemia in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Literature Review

Abstract

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a common chronic metabolic disease that alters insulin production by pancreatic beta cells. The prevalence of T1DM has been increasing by trend from 7.78 per 100,000 population in 1990 to 11.07 per 100,000 population in 2019. T1DM usually affects children, adolescents, and young adults. T1DM is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody formation of pancreatic beta cells. The development of T1DM is associated with a multifactorial process, involving genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. One of the concerning conditions in patients with T1DM is dyslipidemia as it increases atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. Dyslipidemia in T1DM could be the result of poor glycemic control, hyperinsulinemia by subcutaneous insulin injection, and obesity in association with chronic inflammation. The management of dyslipidemia in pediatrics with T1DM has advanced lately. Distinct to adults, glucose control and LDL goals differ and drug therapy is indicated to those above 10 with specific criteria. Later guidelines show different management approaches, particularly the use of lipid-lowering drugs. Thus, this study aims to review the current management of dyslipidemia in Pediatrics with T1DM.