Landfast Ice and Coastal Wave Exposure in Northern Alaska

Abstract

Observations of ocean surface waves at three sites along the northern coast of Alaska show a strong correlation with seasonal sea ice patterns. In the winter, ice cover is complete, and waves are absent. In the spring and early summer, sea ice retreats regionally, but landfast ice persists near the coast. The landfast ice completely attenuates waves formed farther offshore in the open water, causing up to a two-month delay in the onset of waves near shore. In autumn, landfast ice begins to reform, though the wave attenuation is only partial due to lower ice thickness compared to spring. The annual cycle in the observations is reproduced by the ERA5 reanalysis product, but the product does not resolve landfast ice. The resulting ERA5 bias in coastal wave exposure can be corrected by applying a higher-resolution ice mask, and this has a significant effect on the long-term trends inferred from ERA5.