Mixed Compost Application: A Sustainable Tool for Improving Soil Carbon Dynamics in a Peach Orchard Under Mediterranean Conditions

Abstract

This study investigated carbon dynamics in a peach orchard subjected to three treatments with a mixed compost amendment (MCA, 35% organic content): a control with no amendment (A0), a full dose (A1, 10 t ha−1), and a half dose (A2, 5 t ha−1). The sustainability of MCA was assessed in terms of (i) potential and (ii) actual soil respiration, (iii) soil carbon and physical properties and (iv) fruit quality and yield. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were measured both in the laboratory, by incubating soil samples without root removal, and in the field using static chambers. Observations spanned three growing seasons (2021–2023). A correlation was found between actual and potential soil respiration, with emission peaks occurring near the time of MCA application. Cumulative actual CO2 emissions amounted to 5.6, 12.0 and 9.4 t CO2 ha−1 for A0, A1 and A2, respectively. MCA application (i) increased microbial respiration, (ii) reduced soil physical characteristics, such as bulk density and water-filled pore space, and (iii) slightly improved fruit quality, although the yield was not significantly affected. Furthermore, the MCA enhanced soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content compared to the control. These results suggest that high organic content amendments, such as MCA, could represent a strategy to maintain or increase soil organic matter in a sustainable way, although MCA does not improve carbon emission efficiency.