A Case of Kwashiorkor Presenting with Pericardial Effusion

Abstract

The research using aqueous surfactant fluid to interact with tight rocks to increase petroleum production was conducted from our group in 2009. As part of our effort to assess the potential for imbibition to recovery oil from shale, we studied the porosity, permeability to oil, permeability to waters (brine water, and surfactants), and spontaneous surfactant intake for Bakken and Niobrara rocks. We observed that porosities for Niobrara cores were generally higher than those from Bakken cores. Consistent with the Darcy equation, rate-independent water and oil permeability was noted. Cores from the Niobrara and Bakken formations exhibited a broad range of permeability, ranging from 0.11 to 26 microdarcys (μD). In the Niobrara formation, permeability was least in marl (0.1-4 μD), larger in chalk (1-15 μD), and greatest in sandstone (8-26 μD). Although variations occurred, the absolute permeability to water, permeability to oil, and permeability to surfactant formulations were all comparable. The surfactant formulations tested exhibited a favorable potential for fluid flowing in both formations by spontaneous imbibition. The average oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition of the selected surfactants was ranged from 13 to 57% OOIP at optimal salinity, at least 5 percentage incremental in oil recovery over brine water imbibition.