Multivariate relationships between microbial communities and environmental variables during co-composting of sewage sludge and agricultural waste in the presence of PVP-AgNPs

Abstract

This study evaluated the contributions of environmental variables to the variations in bacterial 16S rDNA, nitrifying and denitrifying genes abundances during composting in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone coated silver nanoparticles (PVP-AgNPs). Manual forward selection in redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the variation in 16S rDNA was significantly explained by NO3−-N, while nitrifying genes were significantly related with pH, and denitrifying genes were driven by NO3−-N and TN. Partial RDA further revealed that NO3−-N solely explained 28.8% of the variation in 16S rDNA abundance, and pH accounted for 61.8% of the variation in nitrifying genes. NO3−-N and TN accounted for 34.2% and 9.2% of denitrifying genes variation, respectively. The RDA triplots showed that different genes shared different relationships with environmental parameters. Based on these findings, a composting with high efficiency and quality may be conducted in the future work by adjusting the significant environmental variables.