Fracturation naturelle d'un massif rocheux. Diaclases et couloirs de fracturation

  • Putot C
  • Chastanet J
  • Cacas M
  • et al.
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Abstract

Fractography in Sedimentary Rocks: Tension Joints Sets and FractureSwarms � In order to characterize fracturation in reservoirs, onemust estimate typical opening-mode fracture spacing, whose magnitudedepends on the loading configuration and the mechanical parametersfor the rock, primarily strength and cohesion energy. This studyfocuses on a specific fracture typology known as fracture swarms,which consist of heavily fractured rocks that regularly appear inthick compact layers. This analysis of fracture swarms is the continuationof a recent study of tension joint sets. In both cases we have definedthe mechanical parameters necessary to determine typical fracturespacing. In the case of regular joint spacing, the fracturation israther homogeneous, and the typical length scale depends primarilyon the thickness of the layers, although it also depends on the typeof rock and on remote loading. In the case of fracture swarms, theroles of both a preexisting free surface and of some form of stressconcentrator are discussed. In this case, the bed thickness playsa subordinate part, and, indeed, this kind of fractography can existin igneous rocks. A major joint that has propagated across beds couldact as a free surface. When this is the case, the morphology of fracturesis more heterogeneous. This kind of boundary condition generates,perpendicular to the free surface, a state gradient that expressesitself as a distribution of fracture lengths and spacings. Characteristicfracture scaling and aspect ratios (length/spacing) have been calculatedas a function of confinement using a simple generic model. The asymptoticbehavior near the free surface is a prescribed spacing and indeterminatefracture length. However, at the limit of the outcrop, a clearlydefined aspect ratio has been found with an indeterminate spacing.These limits are determined as well defined functions of the mechanicalproperties of rock. The determination of aspect ratios and spacinghas been carried out with the help of fracture models that mimicwhat one expects to see generated at a local scale. Moreover, scalingfactors have been inferred. Models have been classified in two categories,those that, in addition to the toughness parameter, consider theelastic modulus of rock as the pertinent parameter and those forwhich the key is, rather, some measure of strength. The former, bysome kind of predominant buckling mechanism, lead to underestimatedspacing values, whereas the latter seem to better express both aspectratios and the order of magnitude of the spacing. These models haveallowed us to conjecture a picture of the distribution of fractureswarms and to discuss their significance in the formation process,from the geologist�s standpoint.La caract�risation de la fracturation des r�servoirs passe par l�estimationd��cartements typiques entre fractures constitu�es en mode d�ouverture.L��chelle d�pend de la configuration de chargement et des propri�t�sm�caniques suppos�es de la roche : r�sistance � la rupture, �nergiede d�coh�sion, etc. La pr�sente �tude porte sur une morphologie defractures particuli�re : les couloirs de fracturation. Ce sont deszones de forte densit� de fractures apparaissant r�guli�rement dansles bancs �pais et compacts. L��tude sur les couloirs de fracturationse situe dans le prolongement d�une analyse r�cente concernant lesdiaclases dont on a recherch� l�espacement moyen. On a d�fini dansles deux cas, pour la roche, les param�tres m�caniques pertinentspermettant de fixer l��chelle des distances entre fractures. Dansle cas des diaclases, la fracturation se pr�sente de mani�re assezhomog�ne, l��chelle �tant dict�e en grande partie par l��paisseurdes bancs, quoique influenc�e de mani�re secondaire par la naturede la roche et le chargement au loin. Dans le cas de la fracturationinterne � un couloir, les r�les respectifs d�une surface libre pr�existanteet de concentrateurs de contraintes sont invoqu�s, le r�le des bancsdevenant accessoire : en effet, cette typologie peut m�me existerdans les roches ign�es. Une diaclase majeure, pr�sentant une certainepersistance vis-�-vis des bancs, peut jouer le r�le de surface libre.Dans ces conditions, la morphologie des fractures montre d�s lorsune allure plus h�t�rog�ne. Cette condition aux limites particuli�reinduit, transversalement � la surface libre, un � gradient d��tats� se traduisant par une certaine distribution de longueurs de fractureset d��cartements. L��chelle caract�ristique des fractures et le rapportde forme/longueur sur �cartement ont �t� calcul�s en fonction duconfinement par un mod�le explicatif simple. On tend, � la surfacelibre, vers des fractures continues et d��cartement donn�. De mani�reduale, en marge du couloir, on note une limite du facteur de forme,limite d�termin�e par les caract�ristiques de la roche. Afin de d�terminerles caract�ristiques de ces structures (�lancements, espacements,etc.), nous avons fait appel � des mod�les de fractures dont la g�om�trierestitue localement celle des couloirs. De plus, un facteur d��chellea �t� d�tect�. Les mod�les se rangent en deux cat�gories : ceux qui,outre le param�tre de t�nacit� de la roche, mettent en lumi�re ler�le du module �lastique de la roche, et ceux faisant intervenirune limite � la rupture. Les premiers donnent des �lancements �lev�s(fractures rapproch�es) tandis que les seconds nous semblent beaucoupplus pertinents dans la description des rapports de forme (plus massifs).Ces mod�les ont permis de conjecturer l�image des couloirs et dediscuter le r�alisme, du point de vue g�ologique, du m�canisme deformation �tabli ici.

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APA

Putot, C., Chastanet, J., Cacas, M. C., & Daniel, J. P. (2001). Fracturation naturelle d’un massif rocheux. Diaclases et couloirs de fracturation. Oil & Gas Science and Technology, 56(5), 431–449. https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2001036

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