Investigating the Properties of Composite Cement-Based Mortar Containing High Volumes of GGBS and CCR

Abstract

This study explores the potential of calcium carbide residue (CCR) as an alternative activator for ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) to reduce reliance on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in mortar production. A series of OPC-GGBS-CCR ternary binders were prepared and evaluated for their fresh and mechanical properties over various curing periods. The findings showed that mortars’ fresh and mechanical characteristics were significantly improved with longer curing times, suggesting CCR’s potential to efficiently activate GGBS, thereby benefiting the environment and economy. Significant enhancements in compressive strengths were observed after 7 days of curing, with increases of 44%, and 69–144% for OPC and OPC-GGBS-CCR ternary binders, respectively, while the utilization of activated binders led to flexural strength growth compared to three days of curing, with improvements of 70–173% for OPC-GGBS-CCR ternary binders, respectively. Microstructural analyses confirmed accelerated hydration and increased product formation due to CCR’s calcium content. An optimal mix ratio of OPC:GGBS:CCR = 1:1:0.5 demonstrated mechanical properties comparable to OPC mortars after 28 days, highlighting CCR’s potential for sustainable cementitious materials.