An analysis of the sports performance enhancing substances available on the darknet

Abstract

Despite the efforts of anti-doping agencies to control doping in sport, the use of performance enhancing substances (PES) and methods remains an intractable issue. Potentially heightening the problem is the emergence of the darknet which provides an anonymous online method for obtaining PES. Despite numerous investigations of PES availability via the regular internet, there is currently little understanding of their availability on the darknet. The aim of this study was to conduct a descriptive analysis of the availability, quantity, cost, and forms of substances included in the 2021 WADA International Standard Prohibited List that are for sale within darknet markets within a 12-week period. A search of substances that are included on the prohibited list was conducted across various darknet trading locations. The search revealed multiple anabolic agents; peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances, and mimetics; hormone and metabolic modulators; and diuretic and masking agents available for purchase on the darknet. The search also revealed the costs, the form (pills, injectables, gels), and available quantities of PES. Given the breadth of products available, it was concluded that the procurement of PES via the darknet presents anti-doping agencies with a novel and challenging problem. Anti-doping agencies and law enforcement could develop strategies to monitor darknet activities and consult cybercrime experts as a part of their toolkit for enforcing anti-doping behaviours. Further research investigating darknet activity of athletes and support personnel is required.