Menstruation and the tawāf al-ifāda: A study of Ibn Taymiyya's landmark ruling of permissibility

Abstract

This article examines Ibn Taymiyya's (d. 728/1328) unprecedented fatwas allowing menstruating female pilgrims to perform the tawāf al-ifāda, an essential rite of the hajj. In normative jurisprudential law, menstruating women are obliged to stay in Mecca and fulfil this rite only after returning to ritual purity. However, women in Ibn Taymiyya's time found the prospect of staying in Mecca a difficult one, predominantly due to the risk of returning home without the protection of the hajj caravan. For modern pilgrims, bureaucratic and financial obstacles also make extending one's stay in Mecca a difficult task. This paper examines how Ibn Taymiyya's application of darūra enabled him to provide legal recourse for the numerous female pilgrims affected by the consequences of menstruating while on the hajj. It also explores the extent to which contemporary scholars have engaged with his landmark ruling in order to assist Muslim women today.