An alternative to sexual reproduction: Artificial gametes and their implications for society

Abstract

Introduction Artificial gametes (AGs) are cells that have been reprogrammed' to function as sperm or eggs. Such cells may in the future enable people who cannot produce gametes, to have genetically-related offspring. In this paper, I consider the prospect of AGs in the context of declining birthrates and postponed parenthood across the Western world. Sources of data The data quoted in this paper is gathered from a range of sources, encompassing both scientific, demographic and philosophical work. Areas of agreement Fertility decline in Western democracies is a widely recognised phenomenon, and postponement of parenthood is regarded as a significant contributing factor in this phenomenon. Areas of controversy It is not clear at what point, if ever, AGs might come into clinical use. There is dispute as to what is the best approach to declining fertility rates in developed countries. Growing points Technologically-assisted reproduction is becoming a more common phenomenon as fertility rates fall and maternal age increases. AGs could offer new ways in which to prolong fertility. Areas timely for developing research More research into the development of AGs is required. There is a need for close analysis of the possible causes of declining fertility and the ways in which societies might respond to these challenges.