Comparing the Altis RepliGut Organoid System to MDCK Monolayers in Predicting the Oral Absorption of Lenalidomide

Abstract

Background: Predicting oral drug absorption in humans is critical during early drug development. Current in vitro systems to predict absorption (e.g., PAMPA and MDCK cells) are lacking for certain classes of drugs. Intestinal organoids are emerging as a promising alternative that offers several potential advantages. In this study, we utilized human intestinal organoid-derived monolayers to predict oral absorption of lenalidomide. Methods: Human jejunal organoids (RepliGut®) were cultured as monolayers on transwell plates and differentiated into intestinal epithelial cells. Lenalidomide permeability in the organoid system was compared with the permeability in the conventional Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cell (MDCK) monolayer system, as well as P-gp knockout, human P-gp overexpressing, and human BCRP overexpressing MDCK cells across a concentration range of 1 to 500 µM. Male Sprague Dawley rats were administered lenalidomide orally/intravenously, and concentrations in the serum, urine, and feces were measured and modeled in Phoenix WinNonlin. Results: Orally administered lenalidomide was well absorbed by rats at all doses (bioavailability = 68–120%). In the human jejunal organoid model, lenalidomide apparent permeability (Papp) was approximately 0.6 × 10−6 cm/s independent of the concentration used (1–500 µM). In contrast, lenalidomide Papp was significantly lower in gMDCK cell monolayers, approximately 0.2 × 10−6 cm/s. Additionally, lenalidomide was identified as a P-gp/BCRP substrate in intestinal organoids and gMDCK P-gp and BCRP overexpressing cells. Conclusions: Lenalidomide Papp was significantly lower in gMDCK monolayers than expected based on its high bioavailability. Our results suggest that organoid systems can better capture transporter and paracellularly mediated effects on drug permeability, which may allow for more accurate predictions of in vivo absorption.