Circulation sensitivity to tropopause height

Abstract

The possibility that the tropopause could be lower during an ice-age cooling leads to an examination of the general sensitivity of global circulations to the tropopause height by altering a constant stratospheric temperature Ts in calculations with a dry, global, multilevel, spectral, primitive equation model subject to a simple Newtonian heating function. In general, lowering the tropopause by increasing the stratospheric temperature causes the jet stream to move to lower latitudes and the eddies to become smaller. Near the standard state with Ts = 200 K, the jets relocate themselves equatorward by 2° in latitude for every 5 K increase in the stratospheric temperature. A double-jet system, with centers at 30° and 60° latitude, occurs when the equatorial tropopause drops to 500 mb (for Ts = 250 K), with the high-latitude component extending throughout the stratosphere. The eddy momentum flux mainly traverses poleward across the standard jet at 40°, in keeping with the predominantly equatorward propagation of the planetary waves. But when the jet lies at 30° (for Ts = 225 K) the flux converges on the jet in keeping with planetary waves that propagate both equatorward and poleward. Two sets of such wave propagation occur in the double-jet system. As the troposphere becomes even shallower, the flux reverts to being primarily poleward across the jet (for Ts = 260 K) but then becomes uniquely primarily equatorward across the jet (for Ts = 275 K) before the circulation approaches extinction. Thus the existence of a predominantly poleward flux in the standard state appears to be parametrically fortuitous.