Risk factors for gastric mucosa lesion in critically ill patients undergoing endoscopy for percutaneous gastrostomy: a case-control study

Abstract

Background: Pharmacologic prophylaxis for gastric ulcer is commonly prescribed in patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of the study was to assess the current prevalence and risk factors for gastric mucosa lesion in ICU patients receiving standard pharmacologic prophylaxis undergoing endoscopy for percutaneous gastrostomy implantation. Methods: Patients hospitalized in the mixed medical-surgical ICU undergoing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) were analyzed. We excluded patients receiving either no or high doses of intravenous proton pump inhibitor (PPI), only patients receiving standard doses of PPI were included. Data retrieved from the electronic medical records included: demographics, risk factors for gastric mucosa lesion (use of stimulants, comorbidities, medications, treatment methods in the ICU, laboratory derangements) and endoscopic findings. The study compared a group of patients with gastric mucosa lesions (cases) vs. patients without gastric mucosa lesions (controls). Inter-group comparisons between cases and controls were performed. Depending on the type of distribution continuous variables were assessed using two-sample t-test or Mann-Whitney test, whereas categorical variables with Chi-squared or Fisher exact test. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. Statistical significance was assumed at p < 0.05. Results: Patients with no prophylaxis (n = 8) or receiving high doses (> 40 mg per day) of proton pump inhibitor (n = 2) were excluded. There were 182 patients receiving standard intravenous dose of PPI, 63 (34.6%) women and 119 (65.4%) men, with median age 61.5 (interquartile range IQR 46.0–70.0) years. Majority of patients (n = 169, 92.9%) were receiving pharmacological prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism. There were 53 (29.1%) patients with gastric mucosa lesion. The only risk factor that was significantly different between cases and controls was history of gastric ulcer (p = 0.04) with OR 3.8 (95% CI 1.1–12.5; p = 0.03). Conclusions: Majority of various risk factors for gastric ulceration may not predict gastric mucosa lesion in ICU patients receiving standard pharmacological prophylaxis undergoing endoscopy for PEG implantation. We found that history of gastric ulcer may be a risk factor for gastric ulceration in the ICU patients. Patients with history of gastric ulcer might benefit from higher than standard doses of anti-ulcer medication when hospitalized in the ICU.