Impact of high-risk glycemic control on habitual sleep patterns and sleep quality among youth (13–20 years) with type 1 diabetes mellitus compared to controls without diabetes

Abstract

Background: In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), glycemic control and sleep have a bidirectional relationship, with unhealthy glycemic control impacting sleep, and inadequate sleep impacting diabetes management. Youth are at risk for poor quality sleep; however, little is known about sleep among youth with high-risk glycemic control. Objective: To assess differences in habitual sleep timing, duration, and quality among youth with T1D and controls. Subjects: Two-hundred-thirty youth (13–20 years): 64 with T1D (mean age 16.6 ± 2.1 years, 48% female, diabetes duration 7.5 ± 3.8 years, HbA1c 96 ± 18.0 mmol/mol [10.9 ± 1.7%]), and 166 controls (mean age 15.3 ± 1.5, 58% female). Methods: Comparison of data from two concurrent studies (from the same community) using subjective and objective methods to assess sleep in youth: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index evaluating sleep timing and quality; 7-day actigraphy measuring habitual sleep patterns. Regression analyses were used to compare groups. Results: When adjusted for various confounding factors, youth with T1D reported later bedtimes (+36 min; p < 0.05) and shorter sleep duration (−53 min; p < 0.05) than controls, and were more likely to rate subjective sleep duration (OR 3.57; 95% CI 1.41–9.01), efficiency (OR 4.03; 95% CI 1.43–11.40), and quality (OR 2.59; 95% CI 1.16–5.76) as “poor” (p < 0.05). However, objectively measured sleep patterns were similar between the two groups. Conclusions: Youth with high-risk T1D experience sleep difficulties, with later bedtimes contributing to sleep deficit. Despite a lack of objective differences, they perceive their sleep quality to be worse than peers without diabetes.