Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts: A Comprehensive Review of Physicochemical Properties and Multifunctional Applications

Abstract

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts has emerged as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional physical and chemical methods. This review provides a comprehensive overview of plant-mediated synthesis routes, emphasizing the influence of phytochemicals on nanoparticle formation, morphology, and stability. The physicochemical properties of AgNPs, such as size, shape, and surface characteristics, are critically examined in relation to synthesis parameters, summarizing the plant species employed and associated reaction conditions. The wide-ranging applications of plant-based AgNPs are explored, including antimicrobial, agricultural, environmental, industrial, and biomedical uses, such as drug delivery and wound healing. The section is supported with recent application-specific studies to their corresponding nanoparticle properties, highlighting the relationship between structure and function. Finally, this review discusses current challenges, particularly potential toxicity considerations, and outlines future perspectives for standardization, mechanistic understanding, and translational potential in wide-ranging applications.