Mechanotransduction by nuclear envelope tension

Abstract

Mechanotransduction mediated by the tension in lipid membranes is a well-established paradigm. This has been studied largely in the context of the plasma membrane, but recent work shows that it applies also to endomembranes, and specifically to the nuclear envelope. Here, we review membrane tension-mediated mechanotransduction at the nuclear envelope by focusing on its two best characterized modes of action: the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) pathway, and nuclear pore dilation. We discuss the mechanisms involved and their physiological implications. Finally, we discuss how nuclear envelope tension can be controlled and measured, and how its properties enable mechanosensing with different context-dependency than that of the plasma membrane. These properties apply to cPLA2 and nuclear pore complexes but potentially also to many other mechanosensors yet to be discovered.