Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Children: Diagnosis and Management

Abstract

Macrophage activation syndrome is a severe yet under-recognized complication encountered in pediatric rheumatology. It manifests as secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis leading to a hyper-inflammatory state resulting from an underlying cytokine storm. If unchecked, it may lead to multiorgan failure and mortality. Early diagnosis and timely initiation of specific therapy is pivotal for a successful outcome. This review outlines the key clinical and laboratory features and management of macrophage activation syndrome.