Intermittent ischaemic arrest and cardioplegia in coronary artery surgery: Coming full circle?

Abstract

Objective - To compare the cardioprotective efficacy of cold crystalloid cardioplegia and intermittent ischaemic arrest in patients undergoing elective coronary artery surgery. Design - Prospective randomised trial. Setting - London teaching hospital. Subjects - 20 patients with at least moderately good left ventricular function undergoing elective coronary artery surgery by one experienced surgeon and needing at least two bypass grafts. Interventions - Patients were randomised to cold crystalloid cardioplegia or intermittent ischaemic arrest. Main outcome measures - The primary determinant of the efficacy of myocardial protection was serial measurement (before and at 1, 6, 24, and 72 hours after the end of cardiopulmonary bypass) of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), a highly sensitive and specific marker of myocardial damage. Results - There was no significant difference in age, ejection fraction, number of grafts, bypass times, or cross clamp times between the two groups. One patient in the cardioplegia group had a perioperative infarct and was excluded from further study. In both groups there was a significant increase in cTnT, with peak concentrations being reached 6 hours after the end of cardiopulmonary bypass and remaining significantly high at 72 hours. At 6 hours the median (75% interquartile range) concentrations of cTnT were similar in both groups (1.8 (1.0-3.6) μg/l for cardioplegia v 1.9 (1.0-3.5) μg/l for intermittent ischaemic arrest). Conclusion - This trial shows that intermittent ischaemic arrest, even without systemic cooling or venting of the left ventricle, provides a similar level of myocardial protection to cardioplegia in patients with moderate left ventricular function and short ischaemic times.