Factors Affecting Pollutants' Dispersion and Concentration Levels in the Built Environment

Abstract

The extent to which an individual is harmed by indoor air pollution depends on their total exposure to pollutants, the duration of exposure, and the concentration level. Various factors contribute to the concentration levels and duration of exposure to the indoor pollutant. This study approached knowledge from a multitude of disciplines (e.g., epidemiology, virology, mechanical, etc.) and showcased them from an architectural point of view. Understanding the effects of these factors on contaminant dispersion in built environments can lead to the design of healthier living spaces. Several factors contribute to contaminant dispersion and escalate health risks in the built environment. These factors are not straightforward; but rather a complex interaction between several environmental factors. Building designs, site layout, and space distribution can contribute to the concentration level and duration of exposure to the indoor pollutant. Ventilation parameters such as ventilation exchange rate, airflow distribution patterns, and their overall direction are vital in controlling and diluting the pollutants' concentration levels. The study also shows that other factors, such as relative humidity, temperature, convective transport phenomena, and furniture arrangement, significantly influence indoor airflow and pollutant dispersion. Understanding these factors is critical to eliminating or reducing occupants’ exposure to indoor air pollutants found in the built environment.