Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene Human Occupation in the Rainforests of East Kalimantan

Abstract

This paper presents results of archaeological excavations at two rock shelters and a cave in the Berau region of East Kalimantan. The investigations produced significant new evidence for the occupation of tropical rainforest environments along the Upper Birang River by human foragers from at least the end of the Last Glacial Period. The substantial bone assemblages, human burials and material culture recovered during excavation have provided important insights into modes of subsistence, burial traditions and technological innovations from the terminal Pleistocene through the Holocene. The observed patterns in human cultural and ideological behaviour correspond well with evidence from elsewhere in Borneo and across Island Southeast Asia.