Beyond Gender Binarism: Implications of Sex-Gender Diversity for Health Equity

Abstract

The persistence of a binary biomedical framework in healthcare has become increasingly inadequate to address the realities of human diversity. Recent literature highlights how this dichotomous model reinforces inequities for transgender and intersex populations, sustaining barriers to access, stigmatisation, and poorer health outcomes. In this Perspective, I critically reflect on the limitations of the binary paradigm and draw on developments in science, clinical practice, education, and policy to propose a future-oriented approach to health equity. Emerging evidence underscores the complexity of sexual development as a spectrum and the urgent need to move from pathological frameworks toward affirming care based on rights. Key advances include the adoption of affirmative care models, reforms in medical curriculum, and the rise of inclusive research methodologies that capture gender diversity beyond binaries. However, structural barriers—such as rigid clinical protocols, outdated educational content, and insufficient policy alignment—continue to hinder meaningful change. This article advocates for systemic transformation in healthcare education, practice, and research. I outline strategic priorities for the field are the implementation of gender diversity in medical training, the implementation of rights-based clinical guidelines, and the design of inclusive methodologies that remove structural discrimination. These actions are essential to build a more precise, ethical and universally inclusive health system. Ultimately, ensuring sustainable and equitable outcomes requires bridging scientific innovation with human rights principles and focussing on the lived experiences of transgender and intersex individuals.