Multispectral Pulsed Photobiomodulation Enhances Diabetic Wound Healing via Focal Adhesion-Mediated Cell Migration and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling

Abstract

Chronic diabetic wounds affect 15–20% of patients and are characterized by impaired healing due to disrupted hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Low-level light therapy (LLLT) has emerged as a promising noninvasive strategy for enhancing tissue regeneration. Here, we developed a multispectral pulsed LED system combining red and near-infrared light to stimulate wound healing. In vitro photostimulation of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts on biomimetic hydrogels enhanced adhesion, spreading, migration, and proliferation via increased focal adhesion kinase (pFAK), paxillin, and F-actin expression. In vivo, daily LED treatment of streptozotocin-induced diabetic wounds accelerated closure and improved ECM remodeling. Histological and molecular analyses revealed elevated levels of MMPs, interleukins, collagen, fibronectin, FGF2, and TGF-β1, supporting regenerative healing without excessive fibrosis. These findings demonstrate that multispectral pulsed photobiomodulation enhances diabetic wound healing through focal adhesion-mediated cell migration and ECM remodeling, offering a cost-effective and clinically translatable approach for chronic wound therapy.